A FEM-MPM hybrid coupled framework based on local shear strength method for simulating rainfall/runoff-induced landslide runout

Limited by the independence and its defects of each general software package, simultaneous analysis runoff, seepage, large-deformation is still an inevitable challenge. Generally, one landslide-related large-deformation, runoff ignored or indirectly assessed during unsaturated soil landslide runout simulation. To provide a brand new solution, this paper declares local shear strength (LSS) method to evaluate rainfall/runoff-induced reduction strength. After that, hybrid coupled hydro-mechanical framework proposed simulate within slope. The decrease in corresponding matric suction defined shifting Mohr–Coulomb (M-C) failure envelope towards compressive stress space rainfall/runoff infiltration. Based on method, variable obtained from bidirectionally seepage FEM unidirectionally transferred for material point MPM (i.e., FEM-MPM model). Then, correctness effectively verified hypothetical homogeneous slope model. results show that stable/unstable state simulated has good consistency with technique (SSRT) limit-equilibrium (LEM). Afterward, combined case study natural Hokkaido, Japan, it proved be effective simulating subjected infiltration using